时态逻辑

何为时态：

  • 时：时间

  • 态：动作的状态

时态种类

时态

一般

进行

完成

完成进行

现在

am/is/are/do/does

am/is/are doing

have/has done

have/has been doing

过去

was/were/did

was/were doing

had done

had been doing

将来

will/shall do 或 am/is/are going to do

will/shall be doing

will/shall have done

will/shall have been doing

过去将来

would/should do 或 was/were going to do

would/should be doing

would/should have done

would/should have been doing

小技巧

时间的"现在"的理解定义：正在讲这句话时，或正在写这句话时。
状态的"一般"的理解定义：即事实。
时态，一般都先说时间再说状态，唯独"一般"这个状态的相关时态习惯先说状态后说时间。
  • 一般现在时

    • I am a tacher.

    • He likes elephants.

  • 一般过去时

    • He was happy yesterday.

  • 一般将来时

    • They will eat me.

    • They are going to eat me.

  • 一般过去将来时(过去将来时)

    • I said I would have a rest.我说我要去歇会儿。

    • I said I was going to have a rest.

  • 现在进行时

    • She is watching TV.

  • 过去进行时

    • She was watching TV.

  • 将来进行时

    • They will be having breakfast then.

  • 过去将来进行时

    • They said they would be having breakfast then.

  • 现在完成时

    • I have eaten dinner.

  • 过去完成时

    • We had finished our homework before lunch.午餐前我们已经完成作业了。

  • 将来完成时

    • All will have passed the exam by the end of the month.月底前，所有人都将已经通过考试。

  • 过去将来完成时

    • He said he would have left by then.他曾说到那时之前他将已经离开。

  • 现在完成进行时

    • I have been singing all morning.

  • 过去完成进行时

    • They had been working by lunch time.

  • 将来完成进行时

    • I will have been staying here before you come back.

  • 过去将来完成进行时

    • He said he would have been waiting here by 2050.他说他将一致在这儿等到2050年。

时态的本质

为什么在时态中会出现不同的动词形式？

原型do， 三单does， 过去式did， 现在分词doing， 过去分词done

doing现在分词，表示进行，译为正在做...

判断正误：

I eating bread.X
I eating bread at 6 yesterday.X
I eating bread at 9 tomorrow.X

以上没有交代时间

I am eating bread (now).
I was eating bread (at 6 yesterday).
I will be eating bread (at 9 tomorrow).

用be动词体现不同的时间，构成be doing结构。 英语通过动词变化体现时间，至于后面跟的具体时间它是状语从句，次要成分。它是用来更清楚的进一步描述的，当然不写它句意也是完整的。这就解释了为什么有了具体时间还需要通过be动词的不同形式来体现时间的概念。

进行时为什么是be doing?

  • be动词：词源-陈述事实(存在)

  • doing:正在做的状态

I am eating an apple.
We were running at that moment.
She will be sleeping at 11p.m.

完成时为什么是have done？

  • have：有

  • done：做过

You have known it.你已经知道了。
They had died before the war.战前他们已经过世了。
I will have done it by then.那时我就已经完成任务了。

完成进行时为什么是have been doing?

  • have:有

  • be doing:正在做

You have been singsing all day.你一整天一直都在唱。
He had been working by last year.它一直工作到去年。
I'll have been waiting by noon.我将一直等到中午。

一般时为什么是do？

do是动词基本形式:代表最基本的含义。

I walk to school.我步行去上学。
I walked to school.我曾经步行去上学。
I will walk to school.我将会步行去上学。

一般时，一个do既表时间又表状态。

小技巧

时态只是一种表达含义的方式，其含义是一件事情、一个动作所发生的时间和状态。