定语从句¶
定语：起到修饰、限定作用的成分。
定语从句：起到修饰、限定作用的句子。
先行词：被修饰的词。
- 关系词：定语从句的引导词。
关系代词
关系副词
as引导词（非限定性定语从句）
关系代词：¶
- 先行词是人：that, who, whom(宾格:可被who代替, 反之不行 )
- Is he the man who/that wants to see you?
关系代词在定语从句中做主语
- He is the man who/whom/that I saw.
He is the man I saw. (关系代词在定语从句中做宾语/表语时，可直接省略)
- 先行词非人：which, that
- I bought some desks which/that have three legs.
关系词这里仅仅是代表了先行词，先行词这里是some desks 所以后面用have而非has
关系代词在定语从句中做主语
- I have the book which/that you like.
I have the book you like. (关系代词在定语从句中做宾语/表语时，可直接省略)
- 关系代词：whose指代先行词的所有格
I know that teacher whose hat is green.我认识那个帽子是绿色的老师。
关系代词的区别¶
- 当先行词是序数词、或被序数词、最高级、the only, the very, the same, the last, all, any no, much, little, few, every等词修饰时，关系代词常用that。
总结一句话：当先行词被特指时，关系代词常用that。
She is the only teacher that understands me.她是唯一的一个懂我的老师。
- 当关系代词在定语从句中做表语时，常用that。
He is no longer the man that he used to be.他已经不是过去的那个人了。
no longer 不再，副词短语用来修饰is，意为不再是
used to do/be 过去常常做/是
- 当先行词既有人又有非人时，关系代词用that。
He praised the children and their homework that he saw.他称赞了他所看到的这些孩子们以及他们的作业。
- 当先行词是something, anything, nothing, none, few, little, much, a lot, all, any, those, everyone, everybody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody等词时，关系代词指人常用who；非人常用that。
总结一句话：不定代词后用who或that。
Is there anyone who can swim?有人会游泳吗？
All that can be done has been done.所有能做的都已经做了。
- 当关系代词位于介词的后面时，指人用whom，非人用which。
- The girl is my sister. + I bought a doll for the girl. 我给买了一个娃娃的女孩是我妹妹。
The girl for whom I bought a doll is my sister.(将介词提前，正式书面语)
The girl whom I bought a doll for is my sister.(口语化,非正式)
- I saw the table. + there was an apple on the table.我看见了那个上面有苹果的桌子。
I saw the table on which there was an apple.
I saw the table which there was an apple on.
- 非限定性定语从句中，关系代词不用that。
所谓非限定性定语从句，一般用逗号隔开。
I konw the girl, who lives in Beijing.我认识这个女孩，她住在北京。
I like apples, which grow on a tree.我喜欢苹果，苹果长在树上。
- 关系代词要注意避免重复、混淆。
Which is the car that hit the tree?哪辆车撞着这棵树了？
Who is the man that is running over there?在那跑步的人是谁？
- He wants to buy those books which sell best.他想买那些卖的最好的书。
those是that的复数形式，为了避免重复混淆，后面关系代词用which而非that
- She is the gril I know who can dance.她是我认识的那个会跳舞的女孩。
She is the girl. + I know the gril. + The gril can dance.
双定语从句，第一个whom在I之前省略掉了，因为它是关系词做宾语可省略
为什么这里界定who can dance还是定语从句呢，而非I know的宾语呢，因为I know的宾语就是the gril，它的宾语已经存在了。
关系代词的省略：¶
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语/表语时，可直接省略。
- 关系代词做主语时，若省略，首先将关系代词和be动词(没有则忽略)一起省略，再将剩余动词变成分词形式。主动关系用现在分词；被动关系用过去分词。
- 现在分词做定语
- I know the boy who is standing at the door.
I know the boy standing at the door.(省略关系代词和be动词，主动关系用现在分词)
- I know the river that cuts across the park.我知道那条横穿公园的小河。
I know the river cutting across the park.(省略关系代词和be动词(无be动词)，主动关系用现在分词)
- The man who drove the car didn't see her. 开车的男士没有看见她。
The man driving the car didn't see her.(省略关系代词和be动词(无be动词)，主动关系用现在分词)
- There are a lot of animals which live in the forest.森林里住着很多动物。
- There are a lot of animals living in the forest.(省略关系代词和be动词(无be动词)，主动关系用现在分词)
There be + 主语 + doing sth. + 地点
- 过去分词做定语
- The cat which was taken to the zoo is cute.被带到动物园的这只小猫很可爱。
The cat taken to the zoo is cute.(省略关系代词和be动词，被动关系用过去分词)
- 动词不定式做定语
- I bought something that is to water flowers.我买了一个浇花的东西。
I bought something to water flowers.(省略关系代词和be动词，动词不定式做定语)
- 形容词做后置定语
- I bought something that is useful.我买了一个有用的东西
I bought something useful.(省略关系代词和be动词，形容词做后置定语)
形容词修饰不定代词时，必须放在不定代词后面。
- 介词短语做定语
- The elephant which is in the bag is beautiful.包里的大象很漂亮。
The elephant in the bag is beautiful.(省略关系代词和be动词，介词短语做定语)
"介词+which/whom"引导定语从句¶
关系词在定语从句中做状语时便有了"介词+which/whom"引导定语从句，且由此衍生出关系副词。
介词+关系词引导定语从句时，介词后面不跟that/who。
- This is the classroom. + We study in the classroom.
- This is the classroom (which/that) we study in. 语法正确,口语常用
当关系词在从句中作介词的宾语时，可以省略关系词，但必须保留介词。
- This is the classroom in which we study.最规范，正式
当关系代词位于介词后面时，非人用which，人用whom,关系词不可省略
- This is the classroom where we study.
in which表示地点，可以用where代替
- I remember that moment. + I was running at that moment.
I remember that moment at which I was running.
- I remember that moment when I was running.
at which表示时间，可以用when代替
- This is the reason. + He is late for the reason.
This is the reason for which he is late.
- This is the reason why he is late.
for which表示原因，可以用why代词
- He is my father. + I bought a dress for my father.
- He is my father for whom I bought a dress.
当关系代词位于介词后面时，非人用which，人用whom
关系副词¶
where表示地点
when表示时间
why表示原因
关系副词的省略¶
- the place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere等表示地点的词后的关系副词where有时可以省略.
总结，只要省略后句子关系能看懂，就可以省略
This is the place (where) we met years ago.
- the time, every time, each time, the moment等表示时间的词后的关系副词when可以省略
总结，只要省略后句子关系能看懂，就可以省略
I remember the day (when) we met for the first time.
- 先行词the reason后面的关系副词why可以省略。
总结，只要省略后句子关系能看懂，就可以省略
That's the reason (why) I asked you to come.
way后面的定语从句引导词¶
- This is the way. + I walk in the way.
- This is the way in which I walk.这就是我走路的方式。
in which 引导
- This is the way that I walk.
that 引导(非简单的指代非人的那种关系代词，这是特殊情况)
- This is the way I walk.
直接省略
谨记way后面的定语从句的三种引导方式即可。
非限定/非限制性定语从句¶
分析以上两句话,对先行词限定性不强，用逗号隔开的定语从句，就是非限定性定语从句。
- My room, which is a beautiful place, is bright.
非限定性定语从句的引导词不用that。
Peter, who/whom you met in London, is now in Paris.
- Here is a park, where people often take a walk.这有一个公园，人们常在此散步。
Here is a park, in which people often take a walk.
- He'll come on May 1st, when he'll be free.他5月1号来，那时他有空。
He'll come on May 1st, on which he'll be free.
- I know your reason, for which you didn't come.
非限定性定语从句中，for which不用why代替。
- He doesn't like study, which makes me angry.
which指代前面这句话或前面说的这件事,这是非限定性定语从句的一个经典用途。
- He doesn't like study, as makes me angry.
which和as在非限定性定语从句中可以指代前面的一句话。
- He doesn't believe me, as I know.
- As I know, He doesn't believe me.正如我所知，他不相信我。
as引导定语从句，可放在句首，常翻译为"正如"。