宾语从句

当宾语由一个句子充当的时候，这个句子就是宾语从句。

I think the elephant runs fast.

宾语从句的引导词

that引导陈述句，无意义，可省略

He is a teacher.

I know he is a teacher.

I know (that) he is a teacher.

if/whether引导一般疑问句意为"是否"

Can he swim?

I wonder can he swim ?/. X

I wonder he can swim. X(语义错误)

I wonder if/whether he can swim.

Is she a student?

I wonder if/whether she is a student.

Do they speak English?

I wonder if/whether they speak English.

if/whether区别

1. 当宾语从句置于句首，只用whether，如:Whether this is true, I don't know. 这种语序是为了强调宾语从句。

2. 当宾语从句跟在介词后，只用whether，如：It depends on whether we have enough money.

3. 不能用if or not，但可以用whether or not, whether...or not 或if...or not.如：

   • I want to know if you can swim or not.

   • I want to know whether you can swim or not.

   • I want to know whether or not you can swim.

4. 不能用if to do sth,但可以用whether to do sth(此时已不再是从句).如：I can't decide whether to do my homework today.

5. if既可以翻译成是否，又可以翻译成如果。当if会引起歧义时只用whether。如:

   • Could you tell me if you know the answer? X

   • Could you tell me whether you know the answer?

特殊疑问词引导特殊疑问句

• What is his name?

  • I wonder what his name is.

• When can they come back?

  • I wonder when they can come back.

what/how引导感叹句

• What a dirty book!

  • He says what a dirty book.

• how happy he is!

  • He says how happy he is.

转述祈使句

• Open the door.

  • He says

  • He asks me to open the door.

    • ask/tell/order sb. to do sth.

宾语从句的语序

陈述语序：主语+动词

• Will he be a policeman?

  • I wonder if/whether he will be a policeman.

• Where can we have a picinic?

  • I wonder where we can have a picnic.

• What ate that banana?什么东西吃了那个香蕉？

  • I wonder what ate that banana.(what就是主语)

宾语从句的时态

1. 当主句是现在时，从句可用各种时态。

I think that the question is very easy.

I think that he was happy yesterday.

I think that he will sleep tomorrow.

2. 当主句是过去时，从句可用各种过去时态。

I thought he lived alone.我曾以为他一个人生活。(think->thought)

I thought he would go to the cinema.我曾以为他会去看电影。(will->would)

I thought he had eaten dinner.我曾以为他吃过晚饭了。

3. 客观真理任何时候都用一般现在时。

He told us light travels faster than sound.他曾告诉我们光速比声速快。

宾语从句的否定转移

当主语是 第一人称 ，且动词是表示主语 主观想法 的词时(如think, believe, guess...)，其宾语从句的否定形式要用在主句上。

I think you don't like elephants. X

I don't think you like elephants.

I know you are not a teacher. (非主观想法，是事实)

He thinks you are not a teacher.(非第一人称)

形式宾语

主语 + 谓语 + 形式宾语 + 宾语补足语 + 真正宾语(宾语从句).

• 我觉得我们每天都做作业很有趣。

  • I find that we do homework every day funny.

  • I find it funny that we do homework every day .

• 我认为人们应该早起是这儿的一条规定。

  • I think that people should get up early is a rule here.

  • I think it a rule here that people should get up early.

• 我人我总是睡觉这件事太可怕了。

  • I think that I always sleep terrible.

  • I think it terrible that I always sleep . 形式宾语+宾补+真实宾语

  • I think it is terrible that I always sleep. 主+谓+宾语从句（形式主语 系 表 真实主语）

  • I think that I always sleep is terrible. 主+谓+宾语从句（主语从句 系 表）

宾语从句的缩略形式

当宾语从句的主语在主句中出现过，类似，宾语从句可缩写为：引导词+to do(that/if除外).

• 他在想它是否应该帮助我们.

  • He is thinking whether he should help us.

  • He is thinking whether to help us.

• 我不知道我该做什么。

  • I don't know what I can do.

  • I don't know to do.

• 他告诉我我可以去哪里？

  • He told me where I could go.(主谓间宾+直宾(从句))

  • He told me where to go.

    • 他告诉我我去哪里。

    • 他告诉我他去哪里。

    • 这样的句子有歧义，结合上下文理解句意。

简单原则-宾语从句

1. that引导陈述句，无意义，可省略.

   • I know it.+He is a teacher.

     1. I know it he is a teacher. 使用简单原则，避免重复

     2. I know he is a teacher.(主谓+宾从)

     3. I know that he is a teacher.(that无意义) 英语中为了明确主从句的划分，习惯给从句加引导词.

2. if/whether引导一般疑问句。

   • He asked a question.+Was she happy?

     • He asked was she happy. X

     • He asked she was happy.(意思变了)

     • He asked if/whether she was happy.

3. 特殊疑问词引导特殊疑问句.

   • He asked a question.+What was it?

     • He asked what it was.

   • He asked a question. Who had a hammer?

     • He asked who had a hammer.

警告

所有从句都必须是陈述语序。即使主句是疑问句，从句依然也是陈述语序。